韓國機會:這一次,為何真的不一樣 |
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2025
08-08
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目錄 韓國機會:這一次,為何真的不一樣長期以來,韓國股市始終以顯著折價交易,遠低於全球市場水準——無論宏觀週期如何變化、企業盈利如何增長、全球資本如何流動,這一頑固現實始終未曾改變。過去嘗試投資韓國的機構,往往因股權稀釋、治理不善或改革落空而黯然離場。相比之下,日本則因企業改革持續推進、資本紀律回歸而實現了估值重塑。那麼,為什麼現在我們要重新審視韓國? 因為這一次韓國市場的改變是結構性的,而非週期性的。
從折價迴圈到結構性重置 韓國股市目前的估值仍低於10倍遠期市盈率——比新興市場低30%,比發達市場便宜近60%。這種估值差距並非源於增長乏力:企業盈利正在復蘇,負債水準較低,股本回報率持續上升。相反,估值折價反映出深層次的結構性頑疾——企業行為失范、治理機制僵化、資本成本扭曲。 如今,政府、監管機構乃至企業自身,正開始著手解決這些根源性問題,通過三項結構性改革推動市場重塑:
上述改革共同推動韓國股市資本成本正常化——這是資本紀律與估值重塑的關鍵驅動因素。
改革為何具可持續性 這些改革並非短期政策微調,而是根植於法律體系的制度性變革。政府的“企業價值提升計畫”已延續至2025年,包括金融服務委員會(FSC)持續監管與違規懲罰機制,確保改革長期落實。更重要的是,資本市場改革已成為跨黨派共識,其背後是韓國龐大的散戶群體——其已占選民總數逾30%。這一基層壓力使政策回撤代價高昂,而主導改革的議員在2024年獲得了最高額度的政治捐款,顯示出背後強大的財政與公眾支持。同時,韓國面臨人口結構壓力與外資需求,迫切需要提升股東回報,以支撐養老金體系並吸引全球資本。與以往經濟復蘇即改革停滯的週期不同,此次改革已將少數股東保護寫入《商法》,使其在政治與法律層面均難以逆轉。
實踐中的可持續性證據 初步跡象顯示改革已開始落地。在2025年股東大會季,眾多企業主動提高股息,無需股東提案或代理戰,顯示出分紅行為的積極轉變。2025年上半年,庫存股註銷自發執行率超出預期,受稅收激勵與股東行動主義推動。全球基金(持股比例逾32%)與國內機構如國家養老金(持有KOSPI約7%)均通過股東大會投票推動改革。多方參與的生態系統有效防止改革倒退,使韓國有望複製日本的估值重塑路徑——後者的類似改革曾支撐多年牛市。
市場正在響應——雖低調但堅定 截至目前,KOSPI年初至今上漲35.6%,遠超其他主要指數——標普500僅漲8.2%,日經指數更僅上漲1.9%。雖然部分漲幅源於政策預期與風險偏好回升,但更深層的驅動來自韓國結構性改革的逐步成型。儘管市場已顯著反彈,估值仍處於低位,機構參與度仍不均衡。許多曾在韓國受挫或對改革路徑持懷疑態度的機構仍保持低配,關注點仍集中在日本。但這一局面或將很快改變。
尋找超額收益 離岸阿爾法投資者正採取多元策略以捕捉機會。部分選擇偏多的被動策略,如追蹤指數的基金,廣泛佈局KOSPI低估值股票;尋找超額收益的投資者則傾向于深度價值挖掘策略,包括催化劑驅動型投資(如企業重組、回購計畫)與參與型策略(與管理層直接溝通,推動股東友好改革)。這些策略通常由經驗豐富、深諳本地市場的管理人執行。鑒於韓國仍屬“低效發達市場”,估值折價與監管複雜性並存,離岸投資者通常通過全球架構配置,常設於開曼群島以實現稅務與結構靈活性,或經由香港作為通往亞洲資本市場的戰略門戶,提升流動性與可達性。
結語:等待的代價 這一幕我們曾在日本見過——懷疑者長期觀望,最終錯失良機。如今的韓國,正如五年前的日本:被忽視、被誤解,卻正處於深刻制度轉型的初期階段。對於長期投資者而言,問題已不再是“為何韓國估值折價”,而是“這種折價還能持續多久”。 這就是為什麼——這一次,真的不一樣,而且具備可持續性。隨著法律保護落地、經濟順風助力,改革有望長期延續,推動估值提升、投資增加與股東回報增強的良性迴圈。
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